Thus, while the relationships between optimism, pessimism, and subjective well-being were consistent across cultures, results associated with control strategies cannot confidently be interpreted. While the two-factor structure of the LOT-R demonstrated partial weak invariance, the control scales did not show evidence of configural invariance. Relationships between optimism, pessimism, and control strategies were inconsistent across cultures, and the results did not provide support for the role of control strategies as mechanisms underlying these relationships. Levels of optimism and pessimism explained a large amount of variance in subjective well-being in both samples, though greater optimism was a stronger predictor of greater subjective well-being than lower levels of pessimism. Americans showed greater optimism and less pessimism than Japanese adults. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate, 1) measurement invariance of scales 2) differences in levels of optimism across cultures, 3) the strength of the relationship between optimism and subjective well-being across Japanese and American cultures, and 4) mechanisms underlying the relationship between optimism and well-being across cultures. The current study used data from the nationally representative Midlife in the US study and the Midlife in Japan study to explore the relationship between optimism and subjective well-being in these populations. Differences in the use of primary and secondary control strategies between Western and East Asian cultures may influence the relationship between optimism and subjective well-being. When we face difficult times, our dominant paradigm tends to become amplified, which can be the determining factor in whether we suffer or thrive. However, it is unclear whether the benefits and mechanisms of optimism are consistent across cultures. Optimism, pessimism, and realism are three different paradigms that impact how we approach life and interpret life’s events. The relationship between optimism and subjective well-being may be mediated by positive control strategies. ![]() Dispositional optimism is robustly associated with positive mental health outcomes such as greater subjective well-being.
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